19 Supplements That May Support FCE Recovery — Evidence Ratings for Each
Written by the owner of Max, who experienced FCE on September 23, 2023 and has recovered to 98% function.
How to read this page
All 18 supplements listed here is rated on two things: the strength of the supporting research, and my personal experience using it with Max. These are not the same thing, and I want to be honest about the difference.
Some supplements have robust peer-reviewed research behind them. Some have strong community experience and integrative veterinary support but limited formal studies. Some I’m including because you may encounter them in your research and I want to give you a fair picture.
None of this is veterinary advice. Talk to your vet or a veterinary integrative medicine specialist before starting any supplement protocol. Max’s protocol was built in part with the guidance of Dr. Steve Marsden, whose integrative TCVM approach I’ve followed for years.
Evidence rating system used on this page:
- Strong — multiple peer-reviewed studies in animals or humans, directly relevant to spinal cord injury or neurological recovery
- Moderate — good mechanistic evidence or studies in adjacent conditions; veterinary use is well-established
- Emerging — promising early research, strong integrative/community use, limited formal canine-specific trials
- Anecdotal — primarily owner/community experience; I’m including it because it may matter
The supplements I used with Max — and why
1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil / Sardines)
Evidence: Strong What I used: Whole sardines in water, 3–4x per week + fish oil supplement on other days
Of everything on this list, omega-3 fatty acids have the most robust research support for neurological recovery following spinal cord injury — in both animals and humans.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) are the two active components that matter most. DHA is a primary structural component of the brain and spinal cord. After a spinal cord injury, the inflammatory cascade causes significant damage to neural cell membranes — and omega-3 fatty acids help protect and restore those membranes while also reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
What the research shows:
A 2013 review in Trends in Neurosciences (ScienceDirect) found that acute administration of omega-3 PUFAs after injury, as well as dietary exposure before or after injury, improved neurological outcomes in experimental spinal cord injury models. The authors noted that DHA and EPA show therapeutic potential in neurotrauma specifically.
A 2020 rodent study published in PMC found that omega-3 supplementation after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury reduced TNF-α and IL-6 inflammatory markers by more than 50%, reduced oxidative stress markers, and decreased apoptosis (programmed cell death) in spinal cord tissue.
A comprehensive 2026 review in Bone Research (Nature) confirmed that omega-3 fatty acids contribute to SCI recovery through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, neurotrophic, and membrane integrity-preserving properties — mediated through the GPR120 receptor pathway.
Animal research has specifically suggested that DHA administered within the first hour after a spinal cord injury may limit the spread of damage — which is part of why I gave Max sardines immediately on the day of his FCE.
For your dog: Look for a fish oil supplement with high EPA and DHA content. Whole sardines (in water, no salt added) are an excellent whole-food source and most dogs love them. Avoid fish oils that have gone rancid — smell the bottle; it should smell like the ocean, not like rot.
Affiliate links: [Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Pet — Amazon] | [Grizzly Salmon Oil — Chewy] | [Wild sardines in water — Amazon]
2. Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin)
Evidence: Strong What I used: Methylcobalamin supplement, daily throughout recovery
B12 in its methylcobalamin form is arguably the most important neurological supplement on this list. It is directly involved in the production and maintenance of myelin — the protective sheath that insulates nerve fibers and allows electrical signals to travel efficiently. In FCE, the spinal cord tissue suffers ischemic damage that compromises both the nerve axons and the myelin surrounding them. B12 supports the repair of both.
What the research shows:
A 2021 review in BioMed Research International (Wiley) found convincing evidence that vitamin B12 holds a nerve-regenerating role, promoting nerve cell survival, remyelination, and the maintenance of myelin sheaths. The review noted that B12 facilitates remyelination and promotes motor and sensory functional regeneration in nerve injury models.
A 2019 study published in Frontiers in Pharmacology found that B12 treatment after traumatic brain injury in mice improved neurological functional recovery, stabilized microtubules, and promoted remyelination and myelin repair by inhibiting ER stress-induced neuron death.
A study published in PMC on Schwann cells — the cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system — found that methylcobalamin promoted the differentiation of Schwann cells and enhanced remyelination in a rat demyelination model, with improvements in both motor and sensory functional regeneration.
Thorne Veterinary confirms that B12 is vital for myelin sheath integrity and normal nerve function in dogs specifically, and that both oral and injectable forms are effective for correcting deficiency.
Important: Methylcobalamin is the active, bioavailable form. Cyanocobalamin (the most common synthetic form in cheaper supplements) must be converted by the body and is less effective for nerve repair. Look specifically for methylcobalamin.
Affiliate links: [Methylcobalamin B12 for dogs — Amazon] | [Thorne Veterinary B12 — Amazon]
3. Curcumin / Turmeric
Evidence: Strong in SCI research; bioavailability caveats apply What I used: Through diet; would add a bioavailable supplement now
Curcumin is the active compound in turmeric. It has been more extensively studied for spinal cord injury than almost any other natural compound, with multiple in vivo studies demonstrating significant neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects.
What the research shows:
A systematic review published in Neurology Research International (Wiley, 2016) found that across all available studies comparing curcumin to standard SCI treatments including corticosteroids, curcumin showed superior results in reducing neurological injury. Studies demonstrated decreased neuronal loss, reduced inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB), and enhanced functional recovery on standardized locomotor scales.
A 2022 review published in e-Neurospine concluded that curcumin’s neuroprotective effects have been demonstrated in multiple in vivo neuronal tissue studies and that it holds great potential for use in the treatment of spinal cord injuries, specifically by preventing secondary injuries such as inflammation, edema, free radical damage, fibrosis, and glial scarring.
The bioavailability problem: Standard turmeric/curcumin has poor bioavailability — most of it is not absorbed. Look for:
- Meriva® curcumin phytosome (29x better absorption than standard curcumin)
- Longvida® optimized curcumin
- BCM-95® bioavailable curcumin
- Any formulation with piperine (black pepper extract)
Affiliate links: [Meriva Curcumin Phytosome for dogs — Amazon] | [Integrative Therapeutics Curcumin — Amazon] | [Enzyme Science PEA+ with Meriva — Organic Dog Shop]
4. Voltrex (Gold Standard Herbs)
Evidence: Emerging (TCVM / traditional use) What I used: Immediately on the day of FCE; continued for weeks
Voltrex is a Traditional Chinese Medicine herbal blend formulated by Dr. Steve Marsden’s Gold Standard Herbs. It is based on a 2,000-year-old formula and is formulated specifically to support resolution of inflammation in the hips, knees, and spinal cord.
I gave this to Max as soon as we got home from the vet on September 23, 2023 — mixed into his breakfast within hours of the stroke. I believe this may have been among the factors that limited the extent of his initial damage.
The TCM formulation is built around herbs with documented anti-inflammatory, circulation-supporting, and tissue-protective properties. While randomized controlled trials on this specific product in FCE dogs don’t exist, the herbal traditions underpinning it have millennia of documented use, and Dr. Marsden’s clinical experience with similar cases is extensive.
Where to find: goldstandardherbs.com | @goldstandardherbs on Instagram
5. Lumbrex (Gold Standard Herbs)
Evidence: Emerging (TCVM / traditional use) What I used: Alongside Voltrex from day one
Lumbrex is another Gold Standard Herbs formulation, designed to support normal circulation and relieve back, neck, and hind leg stiffness, weakness, numbness, and spasm. Given the vascular mechanism of FCE — a blocked blood vessel to the spinal cord — supporting circulation in the acute phase felt especially logical.
As with Voltrex, formal clinical trials are limited. The rationale is rooted in TCVM principles and Dr. Marsden’s clinical application of these formulas for neurological cases.
Where to find: goldstandardherbs.com | @goldstandardherbs on Instagram
6. Vitamin E
Evidence: Strong What I used: Daily throughout recovery
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that specifically protects cell membranes from free radical damage — which is particularly relevant in FCE, where spinal cord ischemia generates significant oxidative stress.
What the research shows:
A study published in Spinal Cord (Nature) found that combined administration of vitamins C and E significantly counteracted oxidative stress markers after experimental spinal cord injury, reduced apoptosis, and improved locomotor recovery scores (BBB scores) at both 14 and 28 days post-injury compared to untreated animals.
A comprehensive review published by IntechOpen confirmed that vitamins C and E suppress oxidative stress markers and inflammatory markers, enhance axonal regeneration, and improve functional outcomes after spinal cord injury.
Vitamin E also supports immune function and skin integrity — relevant for dogs who may be spending more time lying down and are at risk of pressure sore development.
For your dog: Look for natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol) rather than synthetic (dl-alpha-tocopherol). The natural form is significantly more bioavailable.
Affiliate links: [Natural Vitamin E for dogs — Amazon] | [Zesty Paws Vitamin E — Chewy]
7. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Evidence: Strong What I used: Incorporated through food (red cabbage, blueberries, broccoli) + would add supplement now
Unlike humans, dogs can synthesize their own vitamin C — but the demands of illness, oxidative stress, and recovery can exceed what they produce endogenously. This makes supplemental vitamin C a reasonable addition during the acute and recovery phases of FCE.
What the research shows:
A 2024 review published in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (Wiley) found that disruption of vitamin C homeostasis has been linked to irreversible loss of neuronal function following spinal cord injury. After SCI, extracellular ascorbic acid serves as an antioxidant by scavenging the oxygen radicals produced during CNS damage — functioning as a direct defense mechanism.
A review in the Chinese Neurosurgical Journal (2024) confirmed multiple mechanisms by which vitamin C supports spinal recovery: antioxidant protection, anti-inflammatory modulation, collagen synthesis (critical for connective tissue integrity of the spine), and neuroprotection.
The combined C+E study cited above (Spinal Cord, Nature) showed synergistic effects — these two antioxidants work together better than either does alone.
Food sources: Red cabbage, broccoli, and blueberries are all high in vitamin C and were intentionally included in Max’s meals throughout recovery.
Affiliate links: [Vitamin C supplement for dogs — Amazon] | [Wholistic Pet Organics C-Boost — Chewy]
8. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
Evidence: Moderate What I used: Supplement + SOD-rich foods throughout recovery
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme the body produces to neutralize superoxide radicals — one of the primary damaging free radicals generated during spinal cord ischemia. After a vascular event like FCE, the affected spinal tissue is flooded with oxidative stress byproducts. SOD is a frontline defense against this damage.
What the research shows:
Research on omega-3 fatty acids and SCI (PMC, 2020) found that omega-3 supplementation normalized superoxide dismutase activity in injured spinal cord tissue alongside other antioxidant enzymes — confirming SOD as a direct marker of spinal cord oxidative health.
Multiple rodent SCI studies have demonstrated that SOD supplementation or SOD-activating compounds reduce secondary injury and improve functional outcomes. The enzyme is produced naturally in the body but can be overwhelmed by the oxidative load of a vascular spinal injury.
Food sources naturally high in SOD: Red cabbage, blueberries, broccoli, barley grass, wheatgrass. I incorporated these into Max’s meals throughout his recovery.
Affiliate links: [SOD supplement for dogs — Amazon] | [Wholistic Pet Organics Antioxidant — Amazon]
9. Boswellia (Boswellia serrata)
Evidence: Moderate What I used: During recovery to address compensatory muscle soreness
Boswellia is a natural anti-inflammatory derived from the resin of the Boswellia tree. It works primarily by inhibiting the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which produces leukotrienes — pro-inflammatory compounds involved in joint and soft tissue inflammation.
For FCE dogs, Boswellia’s role is primarily in addressing the secondary inflammation and soreness that comes from compensatory movement patterns. A dog recovering from hind limb weakness will work their remaining muscle groups differently, creating atypical strain throughout the body.
What the research shows:
Multiple veterinary studies have confirmed Boswellia’s efficacy in reducing pain and inflammation in dogs with osteoarthritis and joint conditions. A review cited in IntechOpen on vitamins and spinal cord injury also noted Boswellia (as a natural herbal compound with neuroprotective properties) among supplements with anti-inflammatory relevance for SCI.
Affiliate links: [Boswellia for dogs — Amazon] | [Nutramax Dasuquin with Boswellia — Chewy]
10. PEA — Palmitoylethanolamide
Evidence: Moderate — with specific spinal cord injury research What I used: Could not source a quality product at the time; would prioritize it now
PEA is a naturally occurring fatty acid compound produced by the body in response to tissue damage. It modulates the endocannabinoid system, reduces mast cell activation, and has well-documented anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects — without psychoactive properties and without the regulatory complexity of CBD.
For FCE specifically, PEA’s documented effects on spinal cord injury are particularly compelling.
What the research shows:
A 2013 study published in Journal of Neuroinflammation (PMC) found that in a compression model of spinal cord injury, repeated PEA administration significantly reduced the severity of spinal cord trauma through reduction of mast cell infiltration and activation. PEA also reduced microglial and astrocyte activation after SCI, and acted as a neuroprotectant via induction of neurotrophic factors.
A veterinary pain specialist review at zeropainphilosophy.com confirmed PEA’s role in canine neuropathic pain management, including in conditions affecting the spinal cord such as syringomyelia and COMS.
At the time of Max’s FCE I was unable to find a quality veterinary source. Good options now exist including Dr. Judy’s PEA (Pawdega) and Enzyme Science PEA+ (which also contains Meriva curcumin phytosome for enhanced absorption).
Affiliate links: [Dr. Judy’s PEA for dogs — Pawdega] | [Enzyme Science PEA+ — The Organic Dog Shop]
11. Glucosamine + Chondroitin (Cosequin)
Evidence: Strong for joint health; Moderate for FCE specifically What I used: Throughout recovery as baseline joint support
This is standard joint support, included because any dog with a spinal event is at risk of secondary joint and disc stress — particularly as they compensate for weakness in affected limbs. It’s not specific to FCE, but it’s rational baseline support for the spine and surrounding structures.
What the research shows:
Extensive veterinary literature supports glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health in dogs. Glucosamine supports cartilage matrix repair; chondroitin inhibits enzymes that break down cartilage. Together they support the intervertebral discs and spinal joints that bear increased load during FCE recovery.
Affiliate links: [Cosequin DS — Amazon] | [Cosequin DS — Chewy] | [Nutramax Cosequin — Chewy]
12. MYOS Canine Muscle Formula (Fortetropin)
Evidence: Moderate — with canine-specific clinical trials What I used: Would add this from day one if doing it again — not available to me at the time
This is one of the most important supplements I wish I’d known about during Max’s recovery. MYOS Canine Muscle Formula contains Fortetropin — a bioactive compound derived from fertilized egg yolk that works by inhibiting myostatin, the protein that signals the body to break down muscle.
This matters enormously for FCE dogs. During the weeks and months of reduced mobility and altered movement patterns, muscle atrophy is one of the most significant challenges to recovery. The less muscle your dog retains in their affected limbs, the harder the rehabilitation work becomes.
What the research shows:
A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study published in PLOS ONE found that Fortetropin inhibited disuse muscle atrophy in dogs after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO surgery) — a condition that similarly involves post-operative exercise restriction and muscle loss. Dogs receiving Fortetropin maintained significantly more muscle mass during the restricted activity period than dogs receiving placebo.
As reported in dvm360, human studies have shown that Fortetropin reduces serum myostatin levels by 18–22% and increases muscle thickness and lean body mass. Similar effects on myostatin were observed in rats and dogs.
A separate study found that in both healthy dogs and golden retrievers with muscular dystrophy, reduction of serum myostatin boosted muscle mass.
Veterinary rehabilitation specialists who use it regularly have described seeing muscle improvement in extreme atrophy cases they did not expect to fully recover.
For an FCE dog, where disuse atrophy in the affected limbs is nearly unavoidable, Fortetropin directly targets the biological mechanism driving that loss. I view this as one of the most rational supplements for FCE recovery.
Affiliate links: [MYOS Canine Muscle Formula — Amazon] | [MYOS directly — myospet.com]
13. Magnesium
Evidence: Moderate What I used: Through diet (pumpkin seeds, spinach, tuna); would consider supplementing now
Magnesium plays a critical role in nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and energy production — all of which are relevant during FCE recovery. Researchers believe it also has neuroprotective properties that may help limit secondary damage to the spinal cord.
What the research shows:
A spinal cord injury recovery resource from Flint Rehab (citing published SCI research) notes that magnesium is believed to have neuroprotective properties that can limit secondary spinal cord damage, and that it plays an important role in nerve impulse conduction and muscle contractions.
In human SCI research, magnesium deficiency correlates with worse neurological outcomes. Its role in the NMDA receptor pathway — which mediates excitotoxic secondary injury after SCI — makes it mechanistically plausible as a protective supplement.
Food sources: Pumpkin seeds, spinach, tuna, and dark leafy greens are all good dietary sources.
Affiliate links: [Magnesium supplement for dogs — Amazon] | [Natural magnesium dog supplement — Chewy]
Supplements to consider that I didn’t use
14. >>> Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) <<<
Evidence: Strong (animal models) / Emerging (clinical) ★★★☆☆
Lion’s mane has the most directly relevant research base of any mushroom supplement for FCE recovery — and arguably stronger mechanistic evidence for nerve regeneration than several supplements already in common use.
The mechanism:
Lion’s mane contains two families of neuroactive compounds: hericenones (in the fruiting body) and erinacines (in the mycelium). Both stimulate the production of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) — the two most important neurotrophic factors for neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after injury. Critically, these compounds cross the blood-brain barrier, meaning they can reach the central nervous system where FCE damage occurs — a significant advantage over compounds that can’t cross the BBB.
Why it’s particularly relevant to FCE:
FCE is an ischemia-reperfusion injury. The research on lion’s mane specifically notes that better regenerative effects are achieved with therapies targeting ischemia and reperfusion damage — antioxidants, lipid peroxidation inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory compounds — and that lion’s mane may serve as a practical alternative to neurotrophic factor therapy in peripheral nerve repair. This maps directly onto the FCE injury mechanism.
The research:
A peer-reviewed study examining lion’s mane in rats with peroneal nerve crush injury found that daily oral administration of aqueous extract promoted nerve regeneration in the early stage of recovery — return of hind limb function and normal toe spreading occurred earlier in treated animals, and axonal regeneration and reinnervation of motor endplates developed better than in untreated controls. The treated group showed higher immunoreactivity for Akt and MAPK signaling pathways — the same pathways involved in neurotrophin-promoted cell survival and neurite outgrowth.
A 2025 narrative review published in PMC (Hericium erinaceus: A Neuroprotective Fungus with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Potential) confirmed lion’s mane’s neuroprotective and neurogenesis effects across multiple models, noting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties alongside direct nerve growth factor stimulation.
Fruiting body vs. mycelium:
For nerve regeneration specifically, erinacines — found primarily in the mycelium — appear to be the more active compounds. Look for a product that includes mycelium extract, or a full-spectrum product containing both. Avoid products that are primarily grain filler (common in low-quality mycelium powders) — look for verified beta-glucan content above 25%.
Recommended brands:
- Real Mushrooms (verified beta-glucan content, no grain filler)
- Host Defense by Paul Stamets (fruiting body + mycelium blend)
- Nammex (bulk powder, used by quality supplement manufacturers)
Dosing:
Research protocols used approximately 100mg/kg in rats. Practical veterinary dosing is typically 50–100mg/kg of standardized extract daily. For a 5kg dog like Max: 250–500mg daily. For a 25kg dog: 1,250–2,500mg daily. Start at the lower end and increase over 2 weeks.
Safety:
Lion’s mane has an excellent safety profile. No significant adverse effects have been reported in animal studies at therapeutic doses. One case report noted allergic response in a human with known mushroom allergy — if your dog has any documented mushroom sensitivity, consult your vet first.
What I’d do differently:
I didn’t know about lion’s mane when Max had his FCE in 2023. Based on the research, I would have started it in the first week alongside omega-3, B12, and MYOS. The BDNF/NGF stimulation and the direct nerve regeneration evidence in ischemia models make it one of the most rationally justified supplements for FCE specifically.
Affiliate links: [Real Mushrooms Lion’s Mane — Amazon] | [Host Defense Lion’s Mane — Amazon] | [Real Mushrooms — realmushrooms.com]
15. N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)
Evidence: Moderate
NAC is a precursor to glutathione — the body’s most powerful endogenous antioxidant. It has neuroprotective properties in multiple neurological injury models and is used in human SCI protocols at some centers. Emerging integrative veterinary use for oxidative conditions.
Affiliate links: [NAC supplement for dogs — Amazon]
16. Wobenzym / Systemic Enzymes
Evidence: Emerging
Systemic enzymes like Wobenzym are used in human rehabilitation medicine to reduce inflammation, break down fibrin (scar tissue), and support tissue repair. Some integrative vets use them for dogs recovering from spinal events. Limited formal canine studies, but mechanistically plausible.
17. Vitamin D3
Evidence: Moderate
Vitamin D plays a role in immune modulation, inflammation regulation, and neuroprotection. Deficiency is common in dogs fed commercial diets and is associated with worse outcomes in multiple inflammatory conditions. A daily D3 supplement with K2 (for proper calcium metabolism) is increasingly recommended by integrative vets for dogs recovering from neurological events.
Affiliate links: [Vitamin D3 + K2 for dogs — Amazon]
18. CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10)
Evidence: Moderate
CoQ10 is a potent mitochondrial antioxidant that supports cellular energy production and protects against oxidative damage. It’s particularly relevant because spinal cord neurons are highly energy-dependent cells that are especially vulnerable to the mitochondrial disruption caused by ischemia.
Affiliate links: [CoQ10 for dogs — Amazon] | [Zesty Paws CoQ10 — Chewy]
19. CBD / Hemp Oil
Evidence: Emerging
CBD is increasingly used in veterinary medicine for pain, anxiety, and inflammation. The endocannabinoid system has documented involvement in neuroprotection after SCI. However, the research in dogs specifically is still limited, quality control in the CBD supplement market varies enormously, and it is not legal in all jurisdictions for veterinary use.
If you choose to use CBD, look for: COA (certificate of analysis) from a third-party lab, hemp-derived (not cannabis), THC-free formulation, and a brand with veterinary formulation experience.
Affiliate links: [ElleVet CBD for dogs — Amazon] | [MEDTERRA CBD Pet — Amazon]
Building a protocol: suggested approach
You cannot — and should not — give everything on this list at once. My recommended approach:
Start immediately (day of or within 24–48 hours):
- Omega-3 (sardines or high-quality fish oil)
- Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin C (food-based or supplement)
- TCVM herbs (Voltrex, Lumbrex) if you have access
Add within the first week:
- SOD (supplement + dietary sources)
- Curcumin (bioavailable form)
- MYOS Canine Muscle Formula (start early to get ahead of atrophy)
Add at 2–4 weeks:
- PEA
- Glucosamine/Chondroitin
- Boswellia
- Magnesium
Ongoing:
- Fish oil, B12, Vitamin E — these can continue indefinitely
- MYOS — continue as long as there is any muscle deficit
- Reassess with your vet every 4–6 weeks
A note on sourcing quality supplements
The supplement industry is not regulated like pharmaceuticals. Quality varies enormously. For anything you give your dog:
- Look for third-party testing (NSF, USP, or COA from independent lab)
- Avoid supplements with artificial colors, flavors, or unnecessary fillers
- For omega-3s, freshness matters — rancid fish oil is worse than no fish oil
- For curcumin, bioavailability form matters — standard turmeric is poorly absorbed
- For B12, form matters — methylcobalamin, not cyanocobalamin
Not medical advice. Everything here reflects one owner’s experience and interpretation of available research. Always consult a licensed veterinarian or integrative veterinary specialist before starting any supplement protocol. Affiliate links on this page help support FCEDogs.com at no additional cost to you.
Research citations embedded throughout — all linked to PubMed/PMC, Nature, Wiley, and peer-reviewed sources where possible.
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